Clutch with porous compressible friction linings



Feb. 7, 1956 2,733,'.797

CLUTCH WITH PoRoUs coMPREssIBLE FRIcTIoN LININGS J. O. ALMEN ET AL 2 Sheets-Sheet l Original Filed Dec. 20, 1942 3 rmentors f'llllllllllllllllll Feb. 7, 1956 J o, ALMEN ET AL 2,733,797

CLUTCH WITH POROUS CVOMPRESSIBLE FRICTION LININGS Original Filed D90. 20, 1942 2 Sheets-5h99?l 2 Snoemor:

.l- Qnorncg other materials of like fibrous nature.

CLUTCH WITH POROUS COMPRESSIBLE 1 FRICTION LININGS Ilohn O. Almen, Sierra Madre, and William L. Carnegie, Romeo, Mich., assignors to General Motors Corporation, Detroit, Mich., a corporation of Delaware continuation or application serial No. 717,512, December 20, 1942. This application November 17, 1953, Serial No. 392,596

This is a continuation of application'Serial Number 717,512 tiled December 20, 1946, now forfeited.

The invention relates to improvements in friction plates for clutches and brakes adapted to run in oil or other lubricant, and in particular to a composite friction plate such as could be used in a transmission drive assembly such'as shown in U. S. 2,357,295 to Earl A. Thompson issued September 5, 1944.

yThe composite plate as described below consists of a metal disc of either stamped stock or of sintered metal having a wear-face made up of fibrous or woven material; The metal may be steel or other suitable sheet stock. The wear-face is stiffened'by the use of a plastic coating on the fibers of the thermo-setting type, applied so as to leave interstitial voids between the fibers, the mat so formed having the character of a sponge. An adhesive coating layer of such thermo-setting plastic is preferably placed on the supporting metal disc, the whole heat setting operation taking place in an oven with the composite disc under a given mechanical pressure.

One object of the invention is to form composite friction discs suitable for clutches and brakes in forms adaptable for either single or multiple disc units, the thermosetting plastic/being chosen so as to be non-sensitive to temperature changes or to oil lubricants.

In making up this plate, we find that the fibers may be of organic or mineral material such as felted cellulose paper, synthetic viscose wool, asbestos, glass wool, and These may be either felted or woven, thek fundamental requirement being that when the body of the material is wetted with a thin solution of vthermo-setting cement, there are space voids left in the spaces between the fibers in all dimensional directions to preserve its ability to permit inflow and outow of oil. This procedure has been found to 'provide stiffness with elasticity avoiding compacting of the material which would `destroy its porous nature, and thus provides long life in a clutch subject to high torques per square inch of surface and to the action of rapidly circulated lubricant.

In the appendeddrawings:

Fig. 1 is a longitudinal section view taken through a transmission assembly to show the use of the clutch plates of the present invention.

Fig. 2 is a part section and projection view of a clutch platehaving wear surfaces of felted mat material affixed to a plain support disc bya thermo-setting bonding layer. Fig. 3 is similar to Fig. 2 except that the support disc is made of sintered metal which provides greater surface anchorage than the plan disc.

Fig. 4 is a part section of a composite clutch disc hav-V ing double `rings of different forms of wear facings, to provide differential friction characteristics in one` plate.

Fig. 5 is a view like that of Fig. l in which the felted mat facing is channeled for controlled oil. relief. Fig. 6 shows a. form of composite disc having woven matfacings. Fig. 7 is a view of a wavy disc,- so formed to provide acontrolled loading interval and to increase -the 2 axial elasticity of the stack of clutch discs for desired special loading and unloading characteristics. This disc may be used in the clutch disc assemblies of Fig. 1.

In our process to be given in detail below, we use a cement mixture, as an example, of the following specifications:

Formula I.-Resn (parts by weight) 47 parts phenol crystals 51.5 parts formaldehyde sol. 35 to 40 pct. Tec. 1.5 parts ammonium hydroxide 28 pct. sol.

Mix in flask connected to retluxing and distilling apparatus. Continue reiluxing l hour after mix temper ature reaches 200 deg. F., then distill under maximum vacuum for 45 minutes, for removal of water. Agitate mixture constantly during both operations, maintaining bath at boiling temperature of water. Atfpeak o f reiiuxing, resin temperature is held at 210 deg. F., dropping to 204 deg. F. at end of reuxing. In distillation, resin temperature may drop to deg. F. andrise to deg. F. during distilling action. Store resin at 50l deg. F., until ready to be used.

Formula [L -Cement (parts by weight) 115 parts resin of Formula l.

150` parts propylalcohol (for visc. 90-l00 deg. M.) 50 parts China clay (selected kieselguhr) 6 parts powdered hexa-methylene-tetramine Stir-mix thoroughly to dissolve hexa., adding China clay after solution mix is clear and not lumpy. Store at 50 deg. F. until ready for use.

Formula III (Procedure) 1. Mix equal volume of resin of Formula I with isopropyl alcohol which will give a solution of ZO-to 25 pct. solids ratio after evaporation.

2. Impregnate felted rings in solution of step l for 2-to 3 minutes. Centrifugally spin off, excess resin solution.

3. Dry in oven at 200 deg. F. for 30 minutes. Test for spongy nature of ring.

4. Apply cement of Formula Il to metal disc. 'Wipe cti' excess to 0.005" thickness. Pre-dry with 5 minute infrared exposure. Bonding layer should be slightly tacky. g

5. Assembled dried impregnated rings of step `3 with cement coated discs of step 4. Press mechanically to remove air bubbles and initiateadhesion of rings to disc.

6. Bake 20 minutes at 300 deg. F., in air circulation furnace.

7. Clean baked article of excesscernent, including droplets on faces of felted discs.

The above formulas for producing the complete clutch disc of the present invention are not lto be understood as restricting the scope of the invention-but are given to make the invention wholly'clear'in principle. v

One skilled in the art, with these instructions is able to reproduce the invention in different forms. Other resins and solvents may be utilized without departing from the teachings herein, and variations and modifications of the procedural steps given in Formula III- are likewise available to the skilled worker in this field.

In Formula IILfOr-example, step 4 may be replaced by substitution of a bonding layer ring cut from a sheet or film of plastic having the Formula II and assembled between metal disc and the felted, impregnated ring in step 5. In this a light coat of wet cement may be given the metaldisc to promote bonding, prior to mechanical pressing for initial adhesion. n A v E 'In Fig'. 14 sectional view is of a transmission assembly4 estantes Feb. 7, e`

as described in the aforesaid Letters Patent U. S. 2,357,295 issuing September `5, T9421 to `Earl A. Thompson.

`Thefengine `,shaftdlywheel is attached ;to .drum 16 coupled :to hollow vshaft 1,17 Iterminating, .-in.annulus. gear ofgearunit A meslringwith-planetgears 21Asupported on carrier 2,2.,attached .to hollow shaft ,23, attixed .to fluid flywheel .impeller,.24. ,Sun .gear 26 mashed with planets 21 is attached to drum 27 externally braked by band .3,0 and internally splined for coned steel clutch discs 31 mating with fdiscs 1 splined on an extension hu'o 22a of carrier 22.

The liuiddlywheelrotorZSg attached ,to shaft .35 on which is formed the sunggearteeth.andfgd Shaft 35 is drilled centrally and radially at 38 and 38a to feedl oil'to the Vgearing and tothe interior 'ofthe drums such asdrum 27. Pumpddrivegear '-lS'of shaft 117 meshes -with gear "19 of pump shat'36'driving `pump P (not shown) connectedrtofeed oil to lthe working space of the tluid ilyw'heel24, 2'5 and^from thence throughpassage 37 in hub a to central shaft'hole 3,8.

Hollowshaft 23 is vdrilled radially 'atconvenient points 4`l, '41"*10 llead an Oil 'iilm under pressure, outward to the bearings, gea-rs, and to the clutch and `brake'faces Relief holes as indicatedat 44,"45 serve V'to release lexcess oil reaching the interior of the drums.

The gear unit B- has1,output shaft 50 attached to carrier 51 supporting planets 52 meshing with sun gear 43 and annulus 53 forming the carrier for, planets 54 meshing with sun gear,42 and with annulus `55 yattached 'to drum 56. The drum 56 is 'braked by band 60 and "splined internally for clutch plates '32 mating 'with `plates 1a splined to .hub 5.7, attached to shaft 23.

*Geattunit C has :sun gear 58 attached to `drum S6, and annulus gear 61 meshing with planets 59.supported-on carrier 62 splined tooutput shaft 50. The annulus gear member 61 is'rota-ta'ble on an extension of the casing 100, and toothed at 63 lfor engagement by toothed pawl .65, to strop, rotation .of annulus 61,

The clutch plate groups` of units A and B ,are loaded by huid, pressure applied to 'thempistons 66 rand 67 and pressure plates 68 and 69 respectively by external fluid feed controls not involved in the present invention. This pressure may be derived from pump P orfromanother Pump which circulates oil to the transmission and clutch elements. Thejbody ,of oil in thissystem is retained in the transmission sump from which pump 'P draws. The clutch of gear unit A has steel discs 311 mating withplates land kthat of gear unit B has similar steel' discs 32 mating with plates .1a. The plates l and larare intended to be madejin accordance withthe instruction o'f this specification.

'l'.heV stilening mixtures noted abovel may be almost water thin, and are soaked into the formed roughjdiscs which have beencut from `sheet stock to desired shape.

After this wetting, the roughdises .are- 'air d ried, which process may be accelerated 'by the blowing of de-humidifiedavarmedair upon t-them. 'aThe thinneringredijents Y evaporate, leavingfeachtofthe bers' encased gin a sheath of the plastic, with :plastic joints `at the .points .of intersection of theL-bers. kWhen 1the;felted piece :is 'dryit .is ladoner a coatingrof plastic cement `formedon the supporting metal. plate, ofthe same general'formulation as that :originally-used Vin wetting the felted plate, ,but vthe coating mixture containsl less yof the solvent thinner. This. coating fis 'lirst wiped with a blade at uniformpressure to remove the excess, and i-sihenready for aixing the `felted piece or matto Athe metal'rlisc, whichmay beof iron, steel; bronze or otherI alloy.

V"'l'hemetal discs are chemically or otherwise-cleaned, and may be coated with theheavierbodied cement prior to -applyingthorough Wearface disc; the latter disc is then applied `to -the metal-"dise 'under 'controlled flight mechanical pressure to squeeze out the air bubblessofa'sunder light mechanical pressure, 4for la predetermined then inserted in an oven, and maintained in a spacer clamp baking period at relatively low temperature in the range of 290 to 310 deg. F. The spacer arrangement is to control the degree of mechanical pressure for avoidance of compacting. The degree of holding or fixture pressure may be .only Aa few pounds, much less than the heavy mold pressures ordinarily used 4in'this art which are normallyvfrcrn 300 to 1000 pounds per square inch, for solidV mold end products.

After cooling and inspection, the `.composite plate,is ready for use. Ylnstead of the adhesive coating being appliedin liquid form, this -material imay be cnt lin a dried hlm state and placedbetweenifelted jdisc ;andjsttpport plate prior to heat assembly in the `final setting operation. ]n the figures the numerals 4,;Iand 4a denote the bonding layer, applied either in huid or dry form.

For discs requiring wear-faces-on both/sides, fthe-second rough disc is affixed to thermetal `disc ingthegsame' manner as outlined above, and thel assembly isfthen baked as a unit.

So as to Aprovide some yspecific examples ofthe-objects and advantages it is deemed useful to describe .inaexact detail at least one article and sequence lof .-makingitfor proper instruction of those skilled Ain the art. In iEigure 2 we show a broken-awayjprojection view of a .portion of atypical clutch plate. A metal .plate .1, which maybe ofv bronze, steel, cast-.iron or other useful al10.y,iS Amade chemically or mechanically clean Vprior to succeedingroperations combining it with the wear-surface discs 2 .and 2a. The splines 5v arefor the purpose of requiring ,the composite .clutch disc to .rotate with a drum as .a part of a drive assembly. The spline teeth mayialsoybe formed in the outer periphery, as isshown in Eig. 4. Ilfhe finished article as sectioned in Fig. '.ZA shows .the central-plate 1 with the `spongy wear surfaces attached ;to both faces, the.

bonding layer 4 being emphasized. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the plastic bonding layers 4 and 4a made Vup as described above, and `thermo-,set application of heat, has an intimate relationship with .the surface crystal formation of the metal stripandwith .the fibrous body of the attached or cemented working face. This gives a .homogeneous bond not Votherwise readily obtained, and tends to prevent local loss ofadhesion by the uniform nature of the whole plastic bond body of plate and bers.

s in Figure weshow asimilar section to ,thatof -Figure 2 with the exception that instead of Vthe metal strip .plate 1 a sintered metal pierce 1'0 is substituted. The `processing of the latter in the ,forming of Ythe compositelarlticle may beV somewhat different, due to theact that it r nay be undesirable to trap or pocket bodies o'fplas'tic, oil or thinner inside the metal sponge of the -sin'tered plate l0. Toguard against this undesired result, thesintered platefl may be slightly wetted with' the thermosetting combination given labove in ythe VFormulas Iland 11.and

centrifugally dried, so that during the succeedingoven operation the Vpore system ofthe sintered metal yplate 10 will be exposed to the atmosphere, through thegporeisystem of the felted material in thev body '2, cementedthereon. VIn practice, it is desirable to drive ot 'the excess thinners by evaporation with warmed, driedjairfover va longer 'time than normally required'for the v.drying of the Yfelted Vpaper bodies 2 and 2a alone. The 'operator should have 4no particular Vdifficulty in using lthe Vsintered plate, if vsuch be.` desirable.

Experience has indicated a *need for utilizing materials' for the ywear-faces Vof these discsrhaving diierentjdegrees of compressibility and different croecients 'of friction.A ln the plate assembly shown in Figure 4 a twofpait wearface is shown. The metal strip 1 is toothed externally at 5a for the reason Vgiven above, andvhas on its toprfacc an aixed inner circular Yring 6v made of .'cork, and atthe outer periphery of which `is la spongy lring ofjfelted 'iibers 2 similar to vthatjshown -injFigur'es 2 and-3. k"The cork' piece 6 may be of cemented Icorlk fragments, oifcutfro'ni a continuous cork layer sheet as peeled from the bark` of the cork oak tree. In applying the cork ring 6 to the plate 1 a heavy-bodied cement having a low thinner or solvent ingredient is best usable. Since the cork piece may have a somewhat higher degree of compressibility, as used in a clutch, it will be compressed during the preliminary loading of the clutch in which it operates, and its coeflicient of friction will provide initial clutch torque capacity, followed by the application of the torque in greater proportion to the external felted ring 2. For this purpose the thickness dimension of the cork may be slightlyrgreater than the finished dimension of the felt disc. The lowerface of the plate of Fig. 4 may be arranged with the cork face 6a on the outer periphery and the felted piece 2a in the inner position. I

`In the above instructions, where reference is made to the spongy felted material we are referring likewise to a material which is essentially a form of bonded paper, or cardboard. It is believed worthy of comment that clutches handling a very high torque capacity per square inch, equivalent to that of metal face clutches, and with less loading requirement, have proven experimentally satisfactory, over many miles of operation such as is experienced in a motor vehicle. These findings are, of course, in the use of clutch plates made according to the instructions herein in clutch assemblies which are deliberately designed to maintain a moving stream of cooling lubri cant over the faces of the clutch discs during the periods of engagement and disengagement, at which times, other- Wise,- serious abrasion might occur.

In Figure 5 we show a composite plate 2 on the upper face, in which the felted material is channeled into lands 8, the depth of which is approximately equal to the width of the grooves 11 between the lands, the net wear areaof the lands 8 being taken for the required torque capacity of the plate.` The Figure 5 showing is similar in all respects to that of Fig. 2 except that channeled plates 2 and 2a are shown. It will be observed that upon initial application of plate loading, the fibers supported in their plastic sheaths will deflect under load ing pressure, and there will be a small degree of lateral bulging of the felted material in the grooves 11, which will have the effect of diminishing the amount of oil which vmay be trapped therein, with increase of clutch loading. The grooves 11 may be entirely circumferential, or may be spiral, as desired for the proper ejection of excess oil from the working area. The bases of the grooves are preferably curved as shown.

Figure 6 is to show the use of 'woven material in place of the felted material of the other gures, the woven discs 7 being pre-treated similar to the processing given the felted discs, having likewise a prior wetting of the thin plastic solution, followed by drying, application of the denser bonding layer plastic to the base plate 1, and when assembled ready for the oven, the piece has the appearance of the Figure 6 section. It should be understood that the degree of mechanical pressure applied during the oven process may under special circumstances, bevery slight or may rise as high as 1000 pounds per square inch for heavy machinery plates, depending upon the ultimate size, design and power requirements of the unit in which the disc is to be installed, since under heavy compressions and with a strong cement the bonding action will be` accompanied by a squeezing of the fibers which reduces the volumetric space of the voids in which oil may ow. An oil saturated plate for light work other than for so-called heavy machinery may be formed with as little as 2 to 5 pounds per square inch, with the plastic solutions noted above, for example, in a structure such as shown in Figure 1. The woven disc 7 in practice provides a reticulated Wear-face pattern.

Figure 7 shows a special form of wavy disc 1a, so formed that upon initial loading, the torque carried by the stack of plates such as in unit A of Fig. l is first delivered by the small peak areas which progress in size 6 as the discs are attened by the pressure provided from axial motion of the pressure plate 68, for example, caused by movement of piston 66 to the left. It should be re membered that unloaded, the mating discs are conical, and are also flattened by the loading pressure.

The wavy discs 1a are fitted with wear facings in the same manner as set forth above for the at discs. ln practice, it is found that the slight axial exing of a plate so made does not cause loosening of the bonded layers 4, 4a, because the felted or composite material tiexes uniformly with the steel disc to which it is attached.

As noted above, the plain steel clutch plates 31, in their unstressed condition may be coned, and the plates 1a being wavy as shown in Fig. 7. It is therefore obvious that when the loading force is applied by either of the members 68 or 69 of Fig. l, the coned plates 31 are flattened and the composite plates 1a are also tiattened, the resilient characteristics of both serving to Vprovide a clutch release spring action.

The Fig. 4 form of composite plate shows the external sponge 4ring face 2 and the internal cork ring face 6 on the upper side, and the external cork ring face 6a and the internal sponge ring face 2a on the lower side.

It should be observed that in assembling one of the clutch groups A or B, there are two possible methods of interleaving the sets of plates-one in which under applied load the inner cork face 6 of one side and the outer cork face 6 of the opposite side will make initial contact with the inner and outer portions of the respective cone faces of the steel discs 31-so that initial torque is sustained only by the cork faces, followed by inal full contact of both sets of faces as the plates are flattened. The alternate arrangement is obviously that of phasing the coned discs 31 with respect to thev inner and outer ring faces of the Fig. 4 form such that the initial torque is sustained only by the felted sponge faces 2 and 2a, followed by the full face contact at maximum loading compression. The designer may choose either of these alternatives, in accordance with the desired build-up of torque to be transmitted.

A Word as to the modern theory of wet clutches is believed instructive at this point. For many years dry clutch plates faced with organic materials, or with combinations of organic with mineral fibers, and molded, have been in use. Experience with this class of wear face material is that an inevitable charring of the organic material takes place even in an oil bath, with eventual deposition of gums from the body of the lubricant. This is true because of the momentary high temperatures existing on the wear-faces, during the loading cycle. Thermocouple tests show that the surface bers of such clutches must withstand momentary temperatures far beyond those which organic fibers can of themselves resist without changing their chemical nature. To circumvent this phenomenon, we have devised the special combinations described herein in which useful coecients offriction and of torque capacity per square inch are achieved, at the same time yielding maximum exposure of the contact areas of the fibers to the stream of cooling lubricant. There appears to be a direct relationship between the net area of the individual fiber or particle in the clutch surface with respect to the interstitial space and the cooling effect resulting from a given velocity of lubricant moving across the clutch face. In the present invention we have not only provided for a small liber or particle in the working surface, but also provide adjacent pores and tiny channels through which the lubricant may flush. Y In the case of Figure 5 larger channels are superimposed, for the benefit of the designer who wishes to control the lubricant ow and retention with a degree of exactness.

Rather extraordinary results are obtained with clutch plates made in accordance with the instructions herein, and these results include the use of the discs as friction brakes, .whereignnne of the :disc-holding .membersis nonrotatable. -A .further advantage .appears the .relatively smallfsize Aof a clutch. assembly for-a given torque handling capacity, :in the present invention, .it being found that the overall dimension allowance for -a given clutch problem may be scaled down as much as below those of existing commercially used dry clutches. This saving is achieved on a dimensional basis, but a further savingv appears in the provision herein of lessexpen'sive, andmore easily controlledA compressible materials. From the point of view of an overall economy wherein expensive metals, such as special bronzes and similar alloys are replaced by cheaper organic substances, a general benefit is conferred upon the public, in commercial use of the invention.

There are a number Iof plastic mixtures which .are adaptable to the purposes described herein, and it is believed .only necessary to .Show the above listed operable materials of this type, by way of example, since a designer provided these teachings would require a latitude of selection of plastics. which would enable him to meet thedesignrequirement for operating temperatures, and therefore in the above example we have provided known materials which yield proper operation in a clutch of current, standard automobile or automotive specifications.

lt will therefore be seen that the composite .friction unit clutch plate which we have shown and described, maybe made up of various fibrous and plastic materials, and in various shapes and forms, and we therefore desire that a broad construction be placed .'upon our invention'as a composite friction torque absorbing plate in ring form, made of fibrous substances forming the wearfaces, the fibers thereof being individually supported by thermosetting .plastic sheaths land bonded to ametalbaclo.

ing plate by a thermo-setting bonding layer.; the plate also. being formable with plural wear-face `rings of different fibrous structure as described above. Itis therefore obvious that any changes in detail, arrangement and selection of parts may be made as above shown and described, and we therefore do not desire to be restricted in the `scope `of our invention exceptas .properly limited by the appended patented claims.

`We claim as our invention:

l. A composite circular friction clutch memberfor use in conjunction with a quantity of kcirculating lubricant, said member comprising a vmetal disc with a Acornpressible wear-face adhering thereto consisting 'of-a kbody of fibrous structure stifened by a plastic coating which sheathes the 'fibers thereof and having connecting interstitial voids between the said fibers, said voids affording dow. spacefor said lubricant, and said body being attac-hed to said disc by a thermo-setting bonding layer composed of the fsame plastic coatinga's that which provides the stiifening ofthe said fibers of the said body vof fibrous structure.

2. vIn the combination set forth in claim 1, the further combinationv of spaced circumferential channels formed inthe compressible wear-face-of the said disc, `of metal clutch plates cooperating with said member, and of grip ping mechanism operative .to Vclutch said member and said plates together for :common rotation, during which gripping operation the material of said wear-face between said channels compresses to narrow the. space dimension of said channels.

3. The combination set forth in claim l wherein spiral channels are formed in-the surface of said compressible wear-face of said disc, of metal clutch plates cooperating with the said member, and of gripping mechanism operative to clutch said plates and said member together for common rotation, during which 'operation the material of said wear-face between `said channels compresses to narrow the effective width of said channels. Y

vfil. The vcombination set forth in, claim 15, wherein a spiral groove is formed 'in the surface of said wear-face having a depth approximately equal to its lateral dimension inunloaded condition, and having lesser .groove dimensions lin compressed condition.

5. A compositeV .clutch -disc to be operated in a bath of circulating lubricant consisting of va metal disc fixed to a torque supporting member, said disc having a wearface one part of which consists of a sponge mat vadapted to absorb and release lubricant, said mat being made of organic fibers stiffened bythermo-setting plastic coating sheathing said fibers, another part ofwhich disc is a cork ring, the said mat and the said corlcring being bonded to said metal disc .by a `thermo-setting adhesive layer of the same .material as the said :sheathing coating.

-6. A clutch Vplate consisting .of a `metal disc to which is assembled a wear-'face ,composed of `a convoluted structure vin .annular form `ras a `clutch facing bonded to said .metal disc, said Wear-face 'having a felted fiber base and .having a thermo-setting resin which .forms a plastic coating only for the fibers thereof, such that the coated fibers 'form a spongy .mat and -said wear-face having a boudin g layer on one face of-the mat thereof in intimate contact with the adjacent portion vof said disc, the resin material of the bonding layer being of the vsame chemical nature as that of the said plastic coating of the fibers of the said spongy. mat.

7. AV friction clutch plate for operating in lubricating oil composed of a Ymetal disc having one or more Wearfaces 4made from a ring-'shaped spongy mat of organic fibers, the individual Vfibers of which are sheathed in thermo-setting cement binding the fibers together so as to leave small oil-flow voids connected therebetween, said cement forming a bonding Vlayer continuity which holds said disc to said mat while lexcluding said oil from lthe adjacent face of said metal disc.

8. The combination set forth in claim 7, wherein said mat is provided with a circumferentially channeled wearface having the depth of said channels approximately equal to their width, whereby under clutch-loading cornpression the fianks of said channels diminish -inisize 9. The combination set forth in claim 6, wherein said wear-face is spirally channeled between its peripheral outer and inner dimensions in the material of said spongy mat, the sectional depth of said channels approximating their width, and wherein the spiral channels provide means for constantly lcirculating lubricant to the said wear-face and to the said connecting voids of said spongy mat.

10. A friction clutch plate for an oil-immersed clutch `lubricated by a circulating oil body, said plate including a metal disc, a spongy mat composed VVof fibers Veach sheathed in thermo-setting plastic material of phenolformaldehyde type which joins the Vfibers to each other so as to leave connecting oil-flow voids between said fibers, a composite friction wear surface Abonded on said disc consisting of concentric rings of cork land of said fibrous mat, and a bonding plastic layer on one face of said disc joining said concentric rings thereto, said layer being continuous over the `adjacent surface of said disc, and 'said layer being composed ofthe same plastic material sheathing said fibers. i'

ll. A friction plate for an oil immersed torque transmitting device lubricated by a circulating oilbody, said plate including a backing disc, with a wear-face which includes a spongy disc-like mat bonded thereon composed of fibers'sh'eathed in thermo-setting plastic material which joins the fibers so as to leave oil flow voids between, a second element of said wear-face also bonded on said disc consisting of a concentric disc-like ring of corp approximately co-planar with said spongy mat, and an adhesive plastic layer on one face of said disc in contact with both said rings, said layer being composed of the same material as that sheathing the said fibers.

12. A composite circular friction wear-absorbing member comprising a metal disc with a spongy wearfa'ce Vcemented thereto, consisting. ofa vbod-y of yfibrous structure stiffened by thermo-setting plastic coating of the fibers thereof, and having interstitial oil-ow voids between the said coated fibers and throughout the thickness of said body, said fibrous body being bound to said disc by a thermo-setting bonding layer of common continuity and substance with that of said thermo-setting fiber coating.

13. In a disc clutch for operation in a clutch structure constantly lubricated by a circulating oilbody, said clutch having plain metal plates and mating composite platcs therewith, the combination of said composite clutch friction plates being composed of flexible metal discs each having spongy, compressible wear-faces attached thereto by a thermo-setting adhesive layer, said wear-faces consisting of fibrous mats stitfened by a thermo-setting adhesive coating of the said bers so as to leave connecting oil-flow voids between the fibers for said oilbody, and the said discs and wear-faces being formed circumferentially in a uniformly wavy pattern such that the discs and wear-faces may flatten together under axial clutch-applying load and enlarge contact proportionally thereto by the compression of said spongy wear-faces.

14. A clutch-friction disc distortable in direction transverse of its normal plane and adapted to operate under constant lubrication of a circulating oilbody, having in combination a friction face consisting of a spongy wearsurface disc composed of a mat of organic fibers stifened by a thermo-setting plastic sheathing, of said fibers having interstitial oil-flow voids connecting between the sheathed fibers, and the said face being fastened to the said disc by a thermo-setting adhesive layer composed of the same plastic material as that sheathing the said fibers and Y bonded to adjacent portions of said sheathing.

15. A composite clutch member to be operated in a circulating bath'of lubricant, said member being a cornposite consisting of a metal disc base formed to support and transmit torque with an oil absorbent wear-face adhering to said disc, the combination requiring said wear-face to be of spongy character and consisting of a mat of fibers sheathed by thermo-setting plastic and bonded to said disc by a thermo-setting plastic layer of the same chemical nature as said first-named plastics and continuous with adjacent portions of said sheathing, the spongy body of said wear-face affording passages between and among the said sheathed fibers for continued in-and-out ow of the lubricant of said circulating bath.

16. The combination set forth in claim 12, wherein said metal disc is made of metal sponge material having connecting interstitial voids permitting iiow of oil through same, of said bonding layer being discontinuous at its surface contact with said metal disc, and of the voids of said metal disc communicating with the voids connecting between the said bers so that oil may flow through the metal disc and wearface.

17. In the combination set forth in claim l, oil trapping reservoirs formed by said connecting interstitial voids which afford fiow passages for said circulating lubricant whereby said member may be operated in a constantly lubricated clutch assembly.

18. A compressible clutch plate for use in a clutch runningin a body of circulating oil, said plate being built up as a composite from a metal disc having a spongy wear-face portion adapted to absorb and release va body of oil circulating through the said spongy portion, the said portion being composed of compressible bers sheathed in thermo-setting plastic with connecting voids between the said sheathed fibers and bonded with a cement layer of said plastic to said metal disc, the said voids affording iiow and reservoir space for said circulating oilbody.

19. A friction member adapted for use in a bath of lubricant, comprising a wear-face and a metal supporting plate therefor, said wear-face consisting of a mat of fibrous structure wherein the fibers are coated and stiffened with a thermosetting resin so as to form interconnecting interstitial voids between the stiifened and coated fibers for affording flow space for said lubricant, said wear-face being coextensively bonded to said supporting plate by a thermosetting resin cement compatible with the coating resin so as to form a bonding continuity with said coating resin.

20. A friction member as defined in claim 19 in which said wear-face comprises concentric rings of cork and brous material.

2l. A friction member as defined in claim 19 in which said wear-face comprises concentric rings of cork and fibrous material in oppositely disposed concentric relation at opposite side of said member.

References Cited inthe file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,673,797 Brown June 19, 1928 1,936,240 Lane NOV. 21, 1933 1,965,326 Tower July 3, 1934 2,050,156 Borghetty Aug. 4, 1936 2,277,602 Novak Mar. 24, 1942 2,415,097 Hasimoto Feb. 4, 1947 

